What Is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer develops when cells in breast tissue undergo abnormal changes and begin multiplying uncontrollably. In some cases, these cancer cells can spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body.
Breast cancer can develop in different parts of the breast, including the milk ducts and milk-producing lobules. Different types of breast cancer may require different treatment approaches.
Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Some warning signs include:
- A new lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
- Change in breast size or shape
- Changes in the skin of the breast, such as dimpling or redness
- Nipple inversion or unusual changes in the nipple
- Unusual nipple discharge, particularly bloody discharge
- Persistent breast pain or discomfort
- Swelling in part or all of the breast
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Several factors may increase the risk of developing breast cancer, including:
- Increasing age
- Family history of breast or ovarian cancer
- Certain inherited genetic changes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2
- Previous history of certain breast conditions
- Hormonal and reproductive factors
- Being overweight or obese, particularly after menopause
- Alcohol consumption
- Physical inactivity
- Previous exposure to radiation involving the chest
Having one or more risk factors does not mean that a person will definitely develop breast cancer.
How Is Breast Cancer Diagnosed?
Doctors may recommend different tests depending on symptoms, age and individual risk. These can include:
Clinical Breast Examination: A healthcare professional examines the breast and nearby lymph nodes.
Mammography: An X-ray examination of the breast that can help detect suspicious abnormalities.
Breast Ultrasound: Often used to evaluate a breast lump or further assess an abnormality seen on mammography.
MRI: Breast MRI may be recommended for certain individuals who have a higher risk or for specific diagnostic situations.
Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue for laboratory examination. It is used to confirm whether cancer cells are present.
Breast Cancer Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and stage of breast cancer, as well as the tumor's biological characteristics and the person's overall health.
Treatment options may include:
- Surgery to remove the tumor or affected breast tissue
- Radiation therapy to destroy remaining cancer cells
- Chemotherapy to target rapidly dividing cancer cells
- Hormone therapy for hormone receptor-positive cancers
- Targeted therapy for cancers with specific molecular characteristics
- Immunotherapy for selected breast cancer types
A multidisciplinary cancer team may recommend a combination of treatments to achieve the best possible outcome.
Can Breast Cancer Be Prevented?
Not all breast cancers can be prevented, but certain lifestyle choices may help reduce overall risk:
- Maintain a healthy body weight
- Stay physically active
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Avoid smoking
- Follow recommended breast cancer screening based on your age and risk
- Discuss your family history with your doctor
- Consider genetic counselling if you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer
